WPP announces that it has acquired a majority stake in Team Y&R Holdings, the region’s largest diversified communications conglomerate, founded by Talal Makdessi (ArabAd Man of the Year 2007), established in 1997 and in which WPP has held a minority stake since 1999, and which operates in the MENA region.

THG’s Chairman is Talal Makdessi & Chairman and World President of IAA Joseph Ghossoub is the Director and CEO.

The Holding Group (THG) a.k.a Team , operates through a wide and diversified range of expertise by companies including Team Y&R, Asda’a [its PR unit], Intermarkets, Mediaedge:cia [the media buying unit], Polaris [another PR firm] and Wunderman.

Team Group has significant operations in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Kuwait, Morocco, Jordan, Qatar and Oman and employs over 1,200 people. Major clients include Emaar, Etisalat, Alpha Telecom, Royal Jordanian, Almaza Beer, Winston, Ford, LG Electronics, Mashreq Bank, Microsoft, Sony Ericsson, Commercial Bank of Kuwait and Visa.

Team Group’s claimed revenues of US$100 million for 2007, with gross assets of US$242 million.

Such a hulking investment is a first its kind; an acquisition that speaks by itself, and where it looks like WPP has more surprises in store coming our way; as this unexpected move confirms WPP’s new strategy, of a full load roll out and networks development, in fast growing markets and sectors.

Originally published in ArabAd, March 2008

Table of honour from left: Erwin Guerrovich of Intermarkets; Mustapha Assad, Publi-Graphics; May Kahale, Information Advisor at the Presidential Palace; Deputy Joseph Moghaizel; Jean-Claude Boulos, Inter-Regies and Walid Azzi Publisher of ArabAd

The Lebanese Chapter of the IAA has been host late last month to a luncheon at the Beirut Riviera Hotel during which MP Joseph Moghaizel dwelt in detail on the introduction of the new audio-visual law.

The luncheon which was attended by IAA members and their guests in the industry witnessed a lively discussion on the subject which at times reached a heated level.

Speakers pointed out that the law contained many loopholes and asserted the difficulty of implementing some of the articles included in the law.

Originally published in ArabAd

Ramzi R. Raad, IAA vice-president, area director for Middle East & Africa, executive vice-president of the Intermarkets Group

The Lebanese communication industry has been unique in its struggle to develop and expand, despite all the destruction that was inflicted on the country, and its other business sectors over the past 16 years. Accordingly I hasten to salute your forum on “Gateways to Reconstruction”, its organizers and distinguished participants, your gathering today is a further demonstration on the leadership of Lebanon’s Chapter of the International Advertising Association.

Rebuilding for us as communicators, entails the encouragement of our members that are abroad to actively return to their homeland. Of more importance however, is the need for all participants at this Forum to cooperate in order to ensure that the self-regulation, the disciplines and the professional upgrading tools that we have introduced to the Arab advertising industry, are revived and adapted in Lebanon, where all of these were started.

I sincerely regret not being able to join you at this Forum, however I wish you and Lebanon great success. I seize this opportunity to remind you that while all of you are meeting to develop more Big Ideas for the reconstruction of Lebanon; other members and graduates of the Lebanon Chapter remain to be very active overseas — at this specific moment — rebuilding the image of Lebanon through their voluntary work and dedication to the International Advertising Association and what it stands for. (Ramzi RAAD)

Originally published in GATEWAYS to Reconstruction, September 1991

Tylda Ghosn

In line with the forward vision of Lebanon’s future, coupled with the regional scope of operations Intermarkets has announced the following changes. Area vice President, Nadim Sfeir, will become general manager of Intermarkets-Lebanon and will be based at the Beirut head office. He will continue to assume his group corporate responsibilities over the Levant, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Tylda Ghosn remains Area Creative Director. Makram Zeenny, transferring from Damascus, will also be based in Beirut, and will assist Nadim on both Lebanon, Levant and Egypt territories.

Makram Zeenny

Nadim Sfeir

Originally published in ArabAd, October 1998

I was browsing the internet and to my great surprise I found out that WPP purchased Intermarkets Advertising from Joseph GHOUSSOUB and Talal MAKDESSI.
My late father Erwin GUERROVICH has never received the monies due to him for this sale, this is why we are in courts for now over 10 years now.
How can Intermarkets advertising be sold to WPP if neither my late father, neither us were paid?
Was that fact hidden from WPP when Intermarkets Advertising was sold?
Ironically the official reason Joseph GHOUSSOUB and Talal MAKDESSI give in court for not paying their due is that the sale was never completed?
How can Joseph GHOUSSOUB and Talal MAKDESSI sell Intermarkets Advertising to WPP if the initial sale from Erwin GUERROVICH was not completed?
WPP doesn’t have lawyers that check what they are buying beforehand?
I am ready to answer all questions you can PM me or comment here.
YG

“Intermarkets, the oldest PR and advertising group and marketing communications network agency in the Middle East, was founded in 1961 in Beirut, Lebanon, introducing the concept of modern communication to the Middle East. Today, it has 11 strategically located offices. Having gained a high reputation and numerous awards for their creative advertising campaigns, Intermarkets has a holistic full-service approach, including relationship marketing, market research, and corporate identity services for their industry-leading clients.”

Tylda Ghosn

by Zaza Khalaf

Experts have long declared that artistic people make bad managers. The same has often been said about women. Tylda Ghosn has proven both these proclamations wrong. One of still very exclusive group of female agency heads, she is also undoubtedly the most creative.

That is actually the first thing that strikes you on meeting her. It was no surprise then to learn that her first ambition was to design jewellery. However, with no such school available in Lebanon, she decided to pursue other prospects at ALBA (Lebanese Academy of Arts). As luck would have it, she went the very day of the advertising entrance exam! Needless to say, not only did she pass the exam, but also graduated with flying colours in 1984.

After graduation she resolved to take a month’s break; she managed one week. Incapable of staying without work, she applied to H&C Leo Burnett and embarked on a fruitful seven year collaboration. Recalling those days, Ghosn remarked, “it was an intensely active time on the Lebanese ad scene, the golden ad era; there were so many agencies, now major players, which were just starting to Brow.”

H&C was probably the most prominent among them and Tylda Ghosn made her mark. Hers was the talent behind ads like Dewar’s “Stuck On You” elaborating on Farid Chehab’s hit theme: “When it’s love, it never varies.” And she followed with the publicly acclaimed “I witnessed…” ad for Ancestor whisky.

Unfortunately, even the most successful partnerships come to an end, and so, for reasons she tactfully chose not to disclose, Ghosn left H&C in 1991. She got married immediately afterwards, giving her the opportunity to take a break and dedicate herself to family life. But true to form again she could not bear staying without work for long.

“Some women are made to raise children, and some to work,” she explains. “Offers started flooding from everywhere. I was really flattered! I mean, you stay with a company for so long, you’re creative behind closed doors!”

Among the offers, one was challenging enough that she could definitely not turn it down: Intermarkets approached her to set up a partnership. “All my friends warned me about getting into a partnership” she confessed, “you know, it’s like a marriage and you are somehow stuck with it!”

The offer involved a 50-50 partnership with the new company securing great independence and creative control. For Ghosn, the opportunity was too good to forego. And so, Gemini was launched in June 1992. While the name may seem unusual for an advertising firm, the way it was actually chosen is even more peculiar. Ghosn explains: “I had been making lists and lists of possible names for a long time. In the end, I had so many I could have written a book! But on the very day of registration I still had not found one that completely suited me. In despair I asked my partner, Erwin Guerrovich, what the horoscope was for that day. Alas, Gemini it was.”

Specially made for Fransabank

On the subject of Guerrovich, her partner, Ghosn has nothing but praise: “Erwin is a great partner; he doesn’t interfere; he dosen’t question our decisions; he’s always there when you need him, just like a friend.”

Of course, Gemini must obviously be doing something right to keep the relations running smoothly. And, as Ghosn admitted, this doesn’t exclude competing with Intermarkets: “Oh yes, we definitely do compete with them,” she affirmed. “Some clients fear the big companies. We at Gemini give the required time for every client.”

On the subject of competition in Lebanon. Ghosn is equally frank: “Gravissimo! They are fighting with every kind of weapon. The media scene is a complete carnival and everyone is copying everyone else. And the agency – would you call one man working with his secretary an agency? I mean those people have no overhead costs. How much do you think they need to operate? They are just media booking boutiques, and they are cutting everyone’s profits! What can you say to a client who has been given a better price from that kind of agency.”

Finally, on the subject of clients, Ghosn doesn’t consider them entirely blameless either. As she reported, “The client used to be king – he’s now emperor! Some give you a brief one day and ask for something else the next; some just argue for the sake of it. Agencies are also to blame for this situtation as the client doesn’t understand what various things cost, especially new technology, and by cutting prices to snatch each others’ clients we are sabotaging the whole system. It’s getting absurd!” Serious again, she adds a heartfelt appeal: “The clients must act like a civilised person and we “professionals”, agents and media, must act with respect. Believe me, I’m in this business because I love it – and the day the business stops pleasing me, I will quit.”

Until that time, Ghosn is managing to survive with poise and determination. “I don’t give and take on matters of money. I try to give my clients more than they have asked for; a perfect and complete package: a concept with all its facets,” she insisted. Gemini does offer a thorough deal, from the initial creation to the marketing stages. For example, the Ksara promotional campaign was completely designed by Gemini, including the girls’ outfits! From the time Ksara entered the Wine Expo in France, Gemini only had four weeks to come up with a booklet. The result was a small black gem of a brochure and, scores of compliments from home and abroad for all the staff.

Such attention to details has meant that Ghosn spends long hours at the office: “Of course when you love what you do, you give without counting…,” she confessed.

Even though it also means spending long hours away from your baby daughter?
“Oh please don’t remind me! It’s hard enough,” she admits as she proudly shows me a picture of her family. She puts the picture back on her desk and we move on to more theoretical notions about being a woman in advertising.

“Yes, I believe women are more sensitive and more…’entier’ – when they give themselves to something, they give completely, and we do persevere!” A quality she finds essential to survival in the advertising world today. “You have to be a hard worker in this business, you really should love people and have patience, lots of patience. Women usually are quite good at dealing with people.”

Any gender-related problems with her staff?

“Oh no, an agency is a team and your mentality and enthusiasm rubs off on the staff.”
And clients?

“Not really, I think they overcame my being a woman, if that is what you are insinuating!”

We both laughed.  The interview had gone on longer than either of us had realised.

Everyone else had long since left the office. But Ghosn had time for one last reflection on the future of the business she cherishes:

“It’s sad that today in Lebanon we are neglecting our educative mission. People have come out of a long war, and the media should be helping to promote and restore our culture. I believe we have a role to play in educating the public. We should do our share to help our country move forward. With my ads, I try to sell dreams, beautify images; I try to change someone’s day a bit…, and my clients’ sales a lot! I would love to be part of what makes the Lebanese say every morning: ‘Good morning Lebanon, welcome back to real life!”

Originally published in ArabAd, August 1994

Joe Ayoub, general manager at Intermarkets, Beirut

by a staff reporter

Joe Ayoub has recently relocated to Beirut as general manager at Intermarkets. He spoke to Arab Ad about himself, Intermarkets and the Lebanese advertising industry.

AA: Perhaps we could start by finding out who Joe Ayoub is.

JA: Briefly, I’m 34 years old and after graduating from the American University of Beirut in 1983, I started working as an auditor for a leading company. That lasted for two and a half years. My first steps in advertising were at the Promoseven agency which I joined in 1986. I stayed there for six months and then I was offered a job at Strategies where I was responsible for the Fattal group. One year later, in 1988, I got the opportunity to join Intermarkets in Saudi Arabia, handling mainly Proctor & Gamble’s business there. I have been at Intermarkets since then. I was promoted quickly to group account director at the Middle East level for PSC and the Nissan motor company. These were the two major accounts I handled for the past five or six years at Intermarkets. After the liberation of Kuwait, I was promoted to general manager of the Kuwait office before being transferred to Lebanon in 1992 as co-managing director with Sonia Chaanine. And after her departure, I assumed the responsibility myself, managing director in Lebanon.

AA: Do you consider yourself a newcomer to the Lebanese market?

JA: No, in fact, I’m not. I worked here briefly earlier on but I now rejoin the Lebanese market after an absence of five years in the Gulf countries. So, I assume a lot of things have changed. Actually, you could say that things have changed so much that I could be considered a newcomer.

AA: What are these changes which have occurred during the past five years in Lebanon, and how do you intend to face them as a young general manager in one of the bigaest agencies in the Middle East?

JA: First, the most noticeable changes that have occurred have to do with the media scene. A lot of new media have emerged. If we go back to 1986, there was only one TV station, one outdoor network, Pikasso, and probably two or three radio stations. Now the numbers have all multiplied. Second, the level of communication has dramatically transformed. At that time, I recall most of the clients didn’t appreciate any presentation document except the last page where they looked at the budget. At least now we can say that time is being taken in evaluating proposals before evaluating the budget. Third, the number of advertising agencies has also multiplied and some of them are professionals, some are semi-professionals, and the others are unprofessional! So these three factors are the marketing mix; we have to deal with each one separately, while at the same time, taking them all into consideration.

How I intend to face all this, to be honest, is tough because I can’t change much. One hand alone doesn’t clap. What we need is a totally different vision for our industry. We need to pull all the young resources together and generate new ideas to convince more and more clients of the benefit of advertising because some are still not fully convinced. Plus we have to introduce the latest techniques in advertising available world-wide to this market.

AA: Let’s go back a bit to Intermarkets. Rumours have circulated in the past five to six months about employee changes, restructuring, financial problems, and so on. Can you clarify the situation.

JA: There have definitely been a lot of changes going on at Intermarkets and not just over the past five to so months, but for the past two years. Changes at the managerial level have affected the overall image of the company and even its performance at the local level. However, to go back to the past six months, it is true that we have had a reshaping of staff because a lot of old staff left. At the same time, many clients also left but many new ones have joined the agency during the same period of time. While a reshaping of staff can be dangerous, at times it is highly needed. This is what the situation was at Intermarkets. We had a total replacement operation where we injected new blood, professional people previously working at other agencies or in their speciality. It has been highly efficient to us and it has translated into new accounts. In this sense, I’m optimistic. I don’t believe the financial troubles we are experiencing are different than what other agencies are facing these days. A lot of it is mostly rumours and, at any rate, financial problems are affecting the whole country. It’s a general ‘malaise’ existing on the local scene and we are only part of it, not less and not more than anybody else.

A A: You are young and have been in the business for the past six or seven years. What do you bring to an agency which is a pioneer in advertising in the Middle East?

JA: Well, I think I am in a fortunate situation because I can benefit from the heritage and wisdom of such a well established agency. My role is to add to its dynamism. I’m a Lebanese advertising person who has had the opportunity to train outside Lebanon. For example, I attended a four-month training session at Saatchi & Saatchi, London. Working on the P&G account there, I was exposed to the whole philosophy of multi-national agencies; how they operate, how they view long-term thinking, and so on. These are the sort of things Lebanon needs badly. I believe that clients are bored with getting the same story over and over again from their agency. They need something new; something more tangible that can prove to them that their business will get better and better all the time. I hope, with all modesty, that I can contribute in upgrading a little bit the agency’s approach to clients, plus its own internal system and procedures.

AA: I would like to ask you a somewhat sensitive question. Ramsay Najjar left Intermarkets to open a new agency with Saatchi & Saatchi, who were formerly aligned with Intermarkets; Eddie Moutran left Intermarkets to open with Ogilvy&Mather, also formerly aligned with Intermarkets; and Joseph Ghosoub, one of your leading managers in the Gulf, left to join Team Advertising, which is a very successful operation in the Gulf. They were all considered the image of Intermarkets, having done a great deal for the agency. How does Intermarkets let people like these leave and loosen the alignments with the multi-national agencies?

JA: In fact, that is a good question because I’m sure people in our industry are asking the same thing and it has never been answered correctly. Although I don’t have the full answer and I wasn’t involved with most of them, I can say the situation is both a sad and positive one. On the positive side, Intermarkets, in a sense, is being perceived as a school where people come, graduate and go on to make their own fortunes. The sad part is that they had to leave in the first place. Some had their own personal reasons and whatever you do, you can’t keep somebody or prevent him from developing his own interests. It is a shame they left the agency and somewhat regretful. However, one day we may be able to contact them and build something together again. It does not necessarily mean that because they left the agency to form their own alignments that opportunities between us are finished. Chances may still exist; we are still in contact with all these good people. I still believe that once the new generation at Intermarkets, the fresh blood, matures and comes up with its own new ideas, good solid relationships will develop again. Anything can happen. Nobody can predict the future but if the management at Intermarkets is aware of their mistakes, of the past, that’s a start.

AA: Do you consider them mistakes?

JA: Some, Yes.

AA: Do you feel Intermarkets is an old structure requiring new blood?

JA: Definitely, like any other big agency that is old. I want to mention the oldest, Publi-Graphics, which is facing the same situation. They need young blood and they have been recruiting a lot lately. It is a must for the continuation and the benefit of our business.

AA: Do you think this fresh blood is available in Lebanon?

JA: Yes, otherwise you wouldn’t see small creative agencies opening every day, like Sharp Pencil,Third Dimension, Triple H, to name just a few.

AA: You mentioned that you are siil in contact with ex-Intermarkets people. Are there any plans for a super agency that would regroup all?

JA: Well, anything could happen. It is not immediate but the thought there.

AA: You haven’t made any approaches yet?

JA: No, I think it is too early now.

AA: In the last five months Intermarkets has lost a few local accounts and they lost their number one standing in Lebanon. What happened?

JA: Yes, we have lost our first place ranking and this is due to a couple of factors. First, because of the absence of an international link for the past two years, we are not getting the blood of international business which is essential for our billings. Second, the changes that have occurred at the managerial level have definitely had an impact. Our business is a business of people, of communication, so we can’t disregard that over a certain period of time, a manager will develop strong relationships with clients. It is only normal that when he leaves, the client will have the tendency to follow him. However, having said this, I believe that we have to develop and present our billings and relationships so that when a manager leaves, the agency is not trapped like a boat in a storm. This is important and the first task I have set for myself. For the past six months more than 95% of my efforts have been set on this task. I believe that from now till the end of the year, I will have completed this task; that I will have a strong, horizontal structure. What’s left now is to go after new business and prove that, once again, Intermarkets is an agency to be considered.

AA: What is the formula adopted by Intermarkets concerning the agency/client relationship?

JA: We are still following the conventional agency commission agreement with our clients. We try to stick to the legal agency commission without giving rebates as much as possible though we face a lot of pressure and our loss of billings is partly due to this. I don’t want to mention specific clients, but many are shopping for an agency, that will give them discounts and this has affected a lot of us. When you are a big firm, employing more than 45 people, you can’t allow yourself to give discounts here and there. You have to compensate this by providing a better product and more efficient results for the client. I hope that clients will understand and appreciate that by giving an agency full commission, the agency in turn will dedicate itself day and night to service them at their best. So, I must admit that we have lost some clients due to billing procedures.

AA: There have been attempts in the past to remedy this situation through meetings and agreements. None of these strategies worked, why?

JA: Usually, the answers to such questions are very diplomatic. However, I’m not going to be diplomatic. Yes, it is true that no agreement in Lebanon lasts for more than 24 hours. The reason is due to the basis of the agreement’s existence in the first place: it was out of personal interest and not for the interest of the general public.

I don’t think these agreements will ever work as long as we have the same people trying to do what they failed to do before. We have to have new people, new blood trying to change and work for the general interest, to most benefit our industry.

AA: How do you view the Lebanese market? Are you optimistic or do you think the “jungle” is going to prevail for a long time?

JA: I think it will take another generation before we can see a new and completely different advertising scene. Changes will come, but slower than we expect because of these factors and problems. But, I’m definitely optimistic about it and, as I said, it will take a new breed of advertising people and a new breed of clients to make these changes.

AA: In other words, you have just signed a death warrant for the present advertising generation in Lebanon.

JA: No, not a death warrant. We are in a sensitive situation. The industry has not been healthy during the past 15 years. It was growing and shining in terms of billings because people had to spend to promote their products, but that doesn’t mean that the level of ethics and professionalism were up to standards. We are no longer in that situation and hopefully it won’t be long before a completely healthy industry is upon us.

AA: Do you think the next generation will help Lebanon regain the position it used to hold before the war?

JA: Definitely. Who is making the GCC advertising market bloom? The young Lebanese who are bound to return to Lebanon sooner or later and duplicate that success here.

AA: There is a big debate going on today about whether an independent agency can survive alone or should be affiliated to a multi-national. Intermarkets is now an independent company. Do you plan to stay independent or are their plans to align with a multi-national agency?

JA: To be perfectly frank, I believe that unless you are associated with a multi-national agency, your chances of survival are much slimmer. What is happening more and more today are clients switching to another agency because it is affiliated with their inter-national agency.

Since the break with Saatchi & Saatchi, Intermarkets has renewed contacts and connections with many world-wide advertising groups. We have plans and very positive contacts with two major international agencies, and we hope that within one year, we can announce some good news about these plans.

AA: So it’s a new alignment?

JA: Yes, absolutely new.

AA: Do you have any other comments you’d like to make?

JA: I would like to say that I hope readers will take what I have said in a very positive spirit.

Originally published in ArabAd, August 1994

The Intermarkets Advertising Management Group recently held its annual meeting at the Royal Abjar Hotel in Dubai. The meeting reviewed the achievements of the group for the past six months, during which accounts such as Rothmans of Pall Mall, the British Bank of the Middle East, Trisa, and Alberto Culver were won.

The group also reviewed final plans for the introduction of direct/integrated marketing services via the joint venture company Tequila Middle East, which will operate as a sister company very much like Intermarkets Public Relations, Middle East affiliate of Burson-Marsteller, the world’s largest public relations consultancy.

The meeting finalised Intermarkets’ expansion strategy up to the year 2000, a strategy aimed at delivering the group’s goal “To be the best”.

Intermarkets started in Lebanon 35 years ago, and its Dubai office was set up 20 years ago. The agency also has offices offering integrated marketing services in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Egypt, Jordan, Yemen and Syria.

Attending the meeting were Erwin Guerrovich, Intermarkets Group CEO; Ramzi Raad, executive vice president & managing director – Dubai; Joe Ayoub, managing director – Saudi Arabia; Fady Mouannes, managing director – Kuwait; Bassem Dajani, managing director – Jordan; Makram Zeenny, managing director – Syria; Galal Zaki, managing director – Egypt; Khalil Bitar, the Group’s senior vice president of finance; and Nadim Sfeir, vice president-Levant area and Saudi Arabia.

Originally published in ArabAd, May 1996

Intermarkets Advertising has been chosen to handle the advertising and promotional budget of Mtayleb Country Club. This is in line with the commitment by Intermarkets to provide clients with a consistent and continuos service.
Mtayleb Country Club will be the ideal environment for those who want to relax and get rid of the stresses of city life through sports or merely by doing their own thing. Membership of this luxurious club is restricted to shareholders.Mtayleb Country Club is to be built on over 10,000 square meters of a hilltop pine grove only a few kilometres from Beirut. With construction of over 32,000 square meters of buildings, Mtayleb Country Club will have outdoor and indoor swimming pools and tennis courts, a health club, bowling, billiards, squash, shooting and many other activities. There will also be a nursery to care for the children of members.
Intermarkets Advertising won the budget after strong competition from other advertising agencies.
Originally published in ArabAd, 1995

Erwin Guerrovich

- All around the industry, the climate was towards glorious optimism as 1993 started. Forecasts were constantly referring to a minimum growth of 35% of the Lebanese advertising volume, within a context of further internal peace consolidation and economic growth.
It did not happen. In fact, our statistical unit estimates actual advertising expenditure in 1993 as lower than 1992. We mostly attribute this situation to the continuous impoverishment of the middle class with fixed revenues and to the media war.
On the agency side, as our Lebanon office was embarked in a major restructuration, we had not set our 1993 objectives to the tune of the optimistic outlook of the general industry. Our targeted growth for Lebanon of 10% over 1992 was reached. Overall, having met both our targets and internal planning, we are satisfied with 1993.
- With the situation in Lebanon, as it is, our office here did not have the same level of equipment and professional sophistication as in our other offices throughout the area. Our accomplishments included new management transferred from the Gulf, bringing along the expertise and disciplines now required in Lebanon, the staffing and installation of equipment in computer creativity as well as media, and the return to our enlarged offices in the Chalouhi Centre spanning 1,000 sq.m. on 3 floors.
1993 has also been for us the return of our head office to Beirut and especially, the resumption of our Lebanon office as a regional co-ordinating centre. In 1993 two of our international accounts were co-ordinated successfully out of Beirut and it is likely that this will be increased in 1994.
As a regional network, it is also worth mentioning the start in 1993 of the Saudia Airlines campaign on a world-wide basis.
Originally published in ArabAd, January, 1994